Vitamin D and Diabetes: What to Know

Vitamin D plays a big role in how our bodies handle blood sugar, and low levels are linked to a higher chance of getting diabetes. While scientists are still figuring out if extra vitamin D can help manage the condition, it’s worth understanding how this vital nutrient connects to diabetes and metabolic health and how to make sure you’re getting enough.
Vitamin D and Blood Sugar Vitamin D and Blood Sugar Vitamin D is critical for good health, and is well known to play a role in good bone health and a healthy immune system.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629f929f1fa-d7bf-4c36-a00e-8bd4dfa617fd The nutrient is also crucial to your body’s ability to manage the hormone insulin and blood sugar levels. It does that in part by enhancing insulin’s ability to transport glucose through the body, regulating calcium levels, and binding to beta-cell vitamin D receptors in the pancreas that are crucial for insulin secretion.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298d9844be-9fc3-472d-a337-37805961ac48 It also stimulates the release of insulin into the bloodstream and helps lower inflammation, a key factor in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629cff444d3-a757-4ca7-b228-7b2ab80a38c3 “It’s easy to underestimate how critical this micronutrient is for big functions in the body, like improving insulin sensitivity,” explains Aimée José, RN, CDCES , a diabetes coach based in the San Diego area. Clinical trials suggest that vitamin D directly affects blood glucose levels in several ways. It helps:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629d3c7d4e0-a4be-4719-b1bd-6f0f4cce9fea Stimulate and improve the pancreas’ natural insulin secretion Improve insulin sensitivity Reduce inflammation throughout the body Improve overall glucose levels Low vitamin D levels can impair the function of cells that produce insulin, potentially impacting how the body is able to process blood sugar.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629eca45bdb-94b1-499e-9e51-f561704a51ec
Vitamin D Deficiency and Diabetes Vitamin D Deficiency and Diabetes Vitamin D deficiency is very common, and can affect anyone, though it is most often found in people 65 or older and those who have darker skin. The condition is usually not serious, but severe deficiency can cause calcium and phosphorus imbalances, potentially leading to thyroid and bone issues, including an enhanced risk of fractures.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762953df5eba-ac86-424b-9dd0-8536478494ab Low levels may also lead to cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disorders, and depression.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629ea80cd28-0ae3-4de8-9689-5a76cb9b1def It seems likely that vitamin D deficiency is also linked with the development of diabetes. Vitamin D deficiency appears to be especially prevalent in people with type 2 diabetes ,e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629ce9bbc0d-6171-45df-b489-d4539599d334 and low vitamin D rates may increase the risk of type 1 diabetes.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976292d4a064e-2722-49b3-aa11-c90c0c9fe293 “There is also a vitamin D hypothesis in type 1 diabetes,” says Benjamin Nwosu, MD , the chief of pediatric endocrinology at Northwell Health and a researcher at the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research in Manhasset, New York. “It suggests that the further you move away from the equator, the higher the prevalence of autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. When you’re getting enough vitamin D from the sun, it protects you from some of those autoimmune triggers.”e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c75a6bb6-50c7-4461-92ed-afee2be981fc Vitamin D deficiency is also associated with a greater risk of gestational diabetes.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762959ea51b7-86f0-42c7-9fd2-272862fce9fc and other metabolic health disorders that are often related to diabetes, including metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299a9f32eb-ed5c-4ac3-9ec4-b4e12fffdb82 Scientists don’t fully understand how vitamin D deficiency might cause metabolic or autoimmune disorders. Healthy amounts of vitamin D lower inflammation in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and immune cells, which might help improve insulin sensitivity and the healthy functioning of fat cells.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299a9f32eb-ed5c-4ac3-9ec4-b4e12fffdb82 Lower vitamin D levels raise the risk of insulin resistance, the body’s inability to properly use insulin, a root cause of type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629b21c3e4c-e232-449e-a869-8662f7af1c90 Beyond the blood sugar disruptions it may cause, a lack of vitamin D may have a negative impact on muscle function, the immune system, and mood — all bodily systems related to diabetes. Low vitamin D levels can also worsen existing diabetes symptoms. For example, older people with diabetes are more likely to develop foot ulcers, and the severity of the ulcer grows if vitamin D levels worsened.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976295fbd8be0-d5b2-4297-bc1f-485160f66b35
The Potential Benefits of Vitamin D Supplementation The Potential Benefits of Vitamin D Supplementation Despite the wealth of evidence linking vitamin D intake to good metabolic health, there is relatively little proof that vitamin D supplementation will reduce the risk or ease the management of diabetes. Health authorities such as the American Diabetes Association do not endorse vitamin D supplementation as a therapy.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629cbd97742-fdad-4916-8532-35aac0a1698a For those with type 1 diabetes, some research suggests that supplementation may help reduce A1C levels.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298851d7b9-921e-4f96-b8f0-2dc9d30c8f4d Dr. Nwsou says that vitamin D should be a critical part of type 1 diabetes management, especially in people who are newly diagnosed with the condition, as the nutrient could help preserve the life of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629cf309438-58b5-409f-91b0-c5cb218fbaca Studies of type 2 supplementation in type 2 diabetes have mixed results, with some pointing to a modest positive effect on blood sugar results,e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298bd1ee22-ff6c-4676-a8e4-2e30a27b1b69 and others finding no benefit at all.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976298bd1ee22-ff6c-4676-a8e4-2e30a27b1b69
Recommended Vitamin D Intakes Recommended Vitamin D Intakes Despite the relative lack of evidence that vitamin D can prevent or improve diabetes symptoms, some experts recommend that people with diabetes should try to get enough of it anyway.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976299fc3a619-5cef-4b9f-809e-ce06635f1189 The primary reason to prioritize extra vitamin D is to reduce the risk of severe deficiency. Though this doesn’t often occur in generally healthy people, vitamin D supplementation can significantly improve the health of people who have a real need for the nutrient. In everyone else, though the benefits may be questionable, there is likely no downside to supplementing with vitamin D.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c554e732-96ca-436b-a681-4daf94d84bba Vitamin D is hard to come by in dietary sources, so supplements — and sunshine — are the best methods to do so. José says diabetes health authorities don’t typically recommend that people with diabetes take any more vitamin D than what’s suggested for the general population. ”The recommended daily allowance of vitamin D in the U.S. is about 600 IU for adults and 800 IU for senior citizens,” says José.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c57d7272-5f5f-4e2e-9e40-90984893fb77 That said, some people with diabetes may need higher doses of vitamin D due to other health conditions or chronically low vitamin D levels. If you’d like to soak up your vitamin D through sunshine, it’s impossible to measure just how much you’re getting. One study found that depending on the latitude, season, and clothing people wear, it can take only a few minutes to a couple of hours in the sun to produce a sufficient amount of vitamin D.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629c2f1be91-9b48-4844-8d1a-0bb759212d65 Nwosu says routine sun exposure is not enough to raise vitamin D levels to optimal levels, but it can help. And since sunscreen blocks ultraviolet light, it can reduce the amount of vitamin D that the skin can absorb.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e5976291e299b09-00b4-43bd-aee6-d00dc31c5156 “If you’re not living in a tropical climate, or if you spend relatively little time outdoors, getting more vitamin D through a supplement may be advisable,” he says. As for edible sources, vitamin D can be found in a limited variety of foods, including:e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e59762969c2843a-e585-4f73-8dea-22605df124fa Fortified dairy and plant-based milks Fortified breakfast cereals, orange juice, and yogurt Fatty fish, such as trout, salmon, tuna, and mackerel Fish liver oils Beef liver Egg yolks Cheese Mushrooms Discuss vitamin D dosages with your diabetes care team. While rare, it is possible to use supplements to excess and suffer from vitamin D toxicity.e60dc2a1-f33c-4a05-9b50-8e3e8e597629bfc71196-41bc-4c09-9025-bf48b6018954
The Takeaway Vitamin D plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism, including stimulating insulin secretion, improving insulin resistance, and reducing inflammation. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk of diabetes, and it can make existing diabetes symptoms worse. Despite vitamin D’s known connections to metabolic health, there is not much evidence that supplementing the vitamin will improve diabetes risk or disease progression. Though vitamin D isn’t considered an important therapy for diabetes, making an effort to meet minimum intake recommendations remains a valid approach to help maximize your health.
Resources We Trust Cleveland Clinic: Do You Really Need to Take Vitamin D Supplements?American Diabetes Association: Vitamins, Minerals, and SupplementsThe DiaTribe Foundation: Vitamin D and Diabetes: What You Need to KnowNational Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements: Dietary Supplements: What You Need to KnowYale Medicine: Vitamin D Myths ‘D’-Bunked



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